观点 | 巴西&中国学者：Labor market policies leading to smart cities
LABOR MARKET POLICIES LEADING TO SMART CITIES
BY
Prof. Dr. Wilson Amorim
巴西圣保罗大学经济、管理与会计学院副教授；复旦发展研究院访问学者
Ney N. Miyahira
巴西圣保罗大学经济、管理与会计学院在读博士生；复旦发展研究院访问学者
Prof. Dr. Ping Zhang 张 平
复旦大学国际关系与公共事务学院副教授
Rongju Kong 孔蓉菊
上海市杨浦区人力资源和社会保障局劳动关系和保障科科长
This article intends to realize comparative case studies of global cities (São Paulo and Shanghai). As a starting point, it is possible to present a summary comparison between labor market policies from two different realities: Shanghai and São Paulo. First, it is important to differentiate the two realities: by the lens of varieties of market economies it is possible to classify São Paulo as a hierarchical market capitalism and Shanghai as a coordinated market socialism.
Hierarchical Market Capitalism (São Paulo)
1 | Organizations coordinate their activities through a strong hierarchy, which prevents the full adoption of the liberal or coordinated model; |
2 | Direct hierarchical control over companies, separately and market concentration; |
3 | Institutions' deficiency in mediating labor relations and promoting greater investments in training and competence development; |
4 | Unions are more politicized, controlled by the State and represent a small portion of workers, due to the existence of a large informal market and low membership; |
5 | High turnover, few employees with long-term relationships in organizations; |
6 | Low levels of education, despite recent advances and low public and private investment in training. |
Coordinated Market Socialism (Shanghai)
1 | Organizations coordinate their activities through a set of organizations and institutions, arranged in non-market relations; |
2 | Market balance is achieved by strategic interactions between organizations and other actors; |
3 | Non-market coordination modes outline incomplete relationships and contracts; |
4 | The actors receive greater institutional support for their strategic interactions - specific or collaborative industrial training; |
5 | Economic adjustments take longer (it takes time to get in and out of a crisis) and unemployment rates are lower; and Education and training system that allow specific investments of human capital in companies and sometimes defined industries. |
Source: (Hall and Soskice[1], 2003; Schneider[2], 2007).
With the understanding of the differences in mind, it is possible to analyze the figures presented for each city, in relation to their labor markets. Guimarães[3] (2009) points out that the labor market must be understood in all its heterogeneous and multifaceted aspect. Such a view becomes even more relevant when one observes the changes arising from the restructuring of productive activities, the flexibilization of relations and the conditions of use of work, reflecting the socio-technological transformations, which expand work activity beyond the limits of formal work. Both cities have been going through these transformations. And in each case, the state intervention in the labor market needs to consider these new conditions of work and thus correct market failures, combat unemployment, improve the insertion of labor in the market and stimulate increased productivity and income.
[1] Guimaraes, N. A., 2009. À procura de Trabalho – Instituições de Mercado e Redes. Argvmentvm, Belo Horizonte.
[2] Schneider, B.R., 2007. Hierarchical market economies and varieties of capitalism in Latin America. Journal of Latin American Studies, 41, 2009. pp 553-571.
[3] Guimaraes, N. A., 2009. À procura de Trabalho – Instituições de Mercado e Redes. Argvmentvm, Belo Horizonte.
São Paulo, being a Brazilian city, presents the main characteristics of the Brazilian labor market: regional and sectorial heterogeneity, large presence of informal employment, low wages and low professional qualification. Between 2003 and 2014 there was a period of economic growth, with Labor market warming and low unemployment, that ends after 2014, with severe recession, unemployment rate arising and stagnant wages. The scenario made the Congress (Legislative Branch of Brazil), supported by the government (Executive Branch), to take some actions to make Labor Law more flexible (Labor Reform in Nov2017 and Nov2019), changing labor conditions, job contracts, collective bargaining, Labor Courts and unions Organization. The main intention is to warm up the economy, creating new jobs, by promoting new flexible working arrangements and job contracts, propitiating non-standard employment relationship, individual bargaining an labor market fragmentation.
On the other hand, Shanghai, as a Chinese city, has the Communist history as influence, as in 1912 the Republic was proclaimed in China and the Chinese Communist Party emerged in Shanghai, giving rise to the Communist Revolution of 1949, which established the principle of legality, adopting a normative, in the Soviet way. Later, in 1960, with the Cultural Revolution, China abandoned this system, when conciliation committees were created, the so-called popular mediation commissions, which sought consensus solutions, since there were no positive rights, except for foreigners. Since then, with China Constitution (1982), New labor Law (1995) and Labor Reform (2008), the Labor Legislation in China was gradually moving towards the worker protection in the Labor Market. towards worker protection in the labor market It is an opposite movement from Brazil. These movements seem to be the responses of the respective governments, given the new context of labor transformations, but also considering the historical-political formations of the two locations.
Source: Prepared by authors
The similarities existing for the two cities are due to this new context, their differences are shown in the table and, even with great differences, they share the same desire: to become smart cities, providing labor market policies that reduce unemployment, heat the economy and promote social well-being.
About the authors
Wilson Amorim is associate professor of the School of Economics, Management and Accounting of the University of São Paulo, Brazil. He has been a visiting scholar at Fudan Development Institute, Fudan University in 2019.
Ney N. Miyahira is PhD candidate of the School of Economics, Management and Accounting of the University of São Paulo, Brazil. He has been a visiting scholar at Fudan Development Institute, Fudan University in 2019.
Prof. Dr. Ping Zhang is associate professor of the School of International Relations & Public Affairs of Fudan University.
Rongju Kong is Section Chief of Labor Relations and Security Section, Yangpu District Human Resources and Social Security Administration of Shanghai.
APPENDIX
São Paulo Main Figures – Labor Market 2019 – 3rd Quarterly
Shanghai Main Figures – Labor Market 2019
Source:
IBGE, Continuous National Household Sample Survey - Continuous PNAD
The Status of Population Development in Shanghai (2019).
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